Description

OESOPHAGUS Benign disease- Motility disorders, Gastro-oesophageal reflux diseases, Achalasia cardia, Hiatus hernia, Diaphragmatic hernia, oesophageal mass or cyst, corrosive oesophageal injury ( acid, phenyl, etc). Symptoms- Difficulty in swallowing, chest pain, gastric reflux, vomiting, breathlessness, cough, and lung infection. Investigations- Barium swallows, Oesophageal Manometry, OGD scopy, and CECT. Treatment: Laparoscopic Fundoplication, Laparoscopic Diaphragmatic Hernia repair, Laparoscopic oesophageal mass or cyst excision, oesophagectomy with gastric pull up or colonic conduit. Malignant- Oesophageal cancer. Symptoms- Difficulty in swallowing solid foods and liquids, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Investigations- OGD scopy and biopsy of the tumor, histopathology of tumor and CECT, and PET scan SOS. Treatment – Laparoscopic or open oesophagectomy with oesophagogastric anastomosis. Stomach – Benign disease- Neuroendocrine tumors, GIST (Gastro intestinal stromal tumor), Gastric outlet obstruction, perforation. Symptoms – Early satiety and upper abdominal fullness or discomfort, loss of appetite and weight loss, black color stool. Investigations – OGD scopy and biopsy of the tumor, histopathology of tumor and CECT, and PET scan SOS. Treatment – Laparoscopicor open partial Gastrectomy, Total Gastrectomy. Malignant – Stomach cancer Symptoms – Early satiety and upper abdominal fullness or discomfort, loss of appetite and weight loss, black color stool. Investigations- OGD scopy and biopsy of the tumor, histopathology of tumor and CECT, and PET scan SOS. Treatment – Radical Gastrectomy. Intestinal- Benign – Intestinal obstruction, Ileal tuberculosis, intestinal perforation. Symptoms – Abdominal distention, vomiting, obstipation, septicemia. Investigations- X-ray abdomen, CECT. Treatment- Laparotomy and resection anastomosis for the diseased part. Malignant – Malignant GIST (Gastrointestinal stromal tumor), Cancer. Symptoms – Abdominal lump, black color stool, weight loss, and loss of appetite. Investigations- X-ray abdomen, CECT. Treatment- Laparotomy and resection anastomosis for the diseased part. Colonic- Benign – Ulcerative colitis, Crons disease, colonic bleeding, colonic obstructuion, colonic divericulitis, Symptoms – Watery and bloody diarrhea, weght loss. Investigations – Colonoscopy and biopsy, CECT abdomen. Treatment – Total Proctocolectomy with ileal conduit, Stoma surgery. Malignant – Colonic cancer. Symptoms – Altered bowel habit, blood in motion, weight loss and loss of appetite, abdominal discomfort and obstruction. Investigations – Colonoscopy and biopsy, CECT abdomen. Treatment – Hemicolectomy, Total Proctocolectomy with ileal conduit, Stoma surgery. Rectum Benign – Rectal cyst, rectal bleeding, Ulcerative colitis, Crhons disease, chronic constipation. Symptoms – Altered bowel habit, blood in motion, weight loss and loss of appetite, abdominal discomfort and obstruction. Investigations – Colonoscopy and biopsy, CECT abdomen. Treatment – Hemicolectomy, Total Proctocolectomy with ileal conduit, Stoma surgery. Malignant – Rectal cancer. Symptoms – Altered bowel habit, blood in motion, weight loss and loss of appetite, abdominal discomfort and obstruction. Investigations – Colonoscopy and biopsy, CECT abdomen. Treatment – Anterior Resection, Abdominal Perineal Resection with permanent stoma. Ananl canal – Benign- Hemorrhoids, anal fissure, fistula-in- ano. Symptoms- Bleeding per rectum, pain, burning sensation at perianal region, itching, trismus and pus discharge. Investigation – MR Fistulogram. Treatment – Hemorhoidectomy (open or stappler), fissurectomy, Fistulectomy. Malignant- Anal cancer. Symptoms- Bleeding per rectum, pain, burning sensation at perianal region, itching, trismus and pus discharge. Investigations – Proctoscopy and biopsy, Histopathological report and MRI.